Medical History

One theory has it that Isaac Newton, perhaps the most brilliant physicist of all time, was schizophrenic. This is hard to determine because the diagnosis of schizophrenia had not yet been invented. Linus Pauling may have been the most brilliant chemist of all time. Newton was from Cambridge University in England. Pauling was from Stanford in California.
Pauling was very healthy, living to a ripe old age. Pauling was still doing research in his nineties! The drawing below shows Newton.

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	About Dr. Harvey of England discovered the circulation of the blood centuries ago.
	Henry Gray was a brilliant anatomist who was born in 1825 and died in 1861. His book, entitled "Anatomy of the Human Body", created a sensation. It has been republished after his death. The term "cavum" is Latin for a cavity. The ventricles of the brain are seen in this dissection.
	This is the brilliant German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt, who was born in 1832 and died in 1920. Wundt was famous for his books on the subject.
	The complete book, Gray's Anatomy, is on the internet. The olfactory bulb is shown here. This author (Olson) has spent many long hours studying the book because the anatomy itself is not obsolete. The functional anatomy is far better known at the present time.
	The fourth ventricle is shown as #13 in this drawing. The ventricles contain the cerebrospinal fluid.
	Microscopic anatomy became important in the 19th Century with figures such as Schwann of Germany and Purkinjie of Czechoslovakia. The drawing shows two types of glial cells. Cell B is a spider cell.
	The study of cells using a microscope was called "histology". The neuron theory came out around the turn of the century between the 19th and 20th centuries. Amazingly, Nissl, one of the most brilliant histologists of the time, rejected the theory! The drawing shows a pyramidal cell as A. An axon is abbreviated as "ax.".
	Shown here are three brilliant neuroscientists who shared the Nobel Prize in 1970. These were von Euler, Axelrod, and Katz. Ulf von Euler of Sweden (on the left) discovered norepinephrine. Dr. Julius Axelrod of the United States is also shown and explained on other pages of this website. Axelrod was an expert on neurotransmitters and their metabolism.
	The nuceolus can be seen within the nucleus in this drawing. Nissl bodies can also be seen, although they are not labeled. They were named after Franz Nissl, a brilliant German psychiatrist. At that time in Germany psychiatry involved a microscopic study of the brain. Kraepelin wrote case studies of patients, however. One famous study was called "The Widow". Like Freud, he did not give the names of the patients because of confidentiality. Freud wrote case studies of "The Rat Man" and "The Wolf Man".